PD-L1抑制剂:PD—1/PD—L1抑制剂在非小细胞肺癌医治中的使用发展

来源:中国当代医药 ·2018年12月24日 18:45 浏览量:0

弓瑾 李建强

[摘要]肺癌是现在国际范围内最常见的恶性肿瘤,逝世率居所有恶性肿瘤之首,其间非小细胞肺癌所占份额最高。至今停止,非小细胞肺癌的医治方法有限且作用欠安,所以急需一种更为有用的医治方法。近几年,跟着程序性逝世因子-1(PD-1)及其配体(PD-L1)研讨的不断深化,作用于免疫检查点的新式医治计划已逐步运用于临床,并取得了巨大的作用,其间,PD-1/PD-L1按捺剂的面世则对晚期非小细胞肺癌的医治有极其重要的临床含义。本文旨在总述现在常用的PD-1/PD-L1按捺剂在非小细胞肺癌中的临床运用及发展。

[关键词]非小细胞肺癌;程序性逝世因子-1及配体按捺剂;临床运用;运用发展

[中图分类号] R734.2 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1674-4721(2018)3(c)-0029-04

[Abstract]Lung cancer is the most common malignant tumor in the world,and the mortality of lung cancer still is the first in all of tumors.Non-small cell lung cancer has a large proportion of the lung cancer.However,the current treatments for non-small cell lung cancer are limited and ineffective.Therefore,it is urgent to find a more effective treatment for non-small cell lung cancer.Programmed death-1 (PD-1) and its ligand,an important immunosuppressive molecule,whose ligand is PD-L1,has been discovered for over 20 years.In recent years,with the deepening research of programmed death-1(PD-1) and its ligand (PD-L1),the new treatment methods on the immune checkpoint has been gradually applied in clinical and gotten great achievements.Among them,the PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors used to treat non-small cell lung cancer that have been significant clinical effect for the advanced patients.This paper reviewed the clinical effect and application of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors used commonly for non-small cell lung cancer.

[Key words]Non-small cell lung cancer;PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors;Clinical effect;Clinical application

肺癌是现在国际范圍内最常见的恶性肿瘤,其间非小细胞肺癌约占肺癌患者的80%~85%[1]。尽管现在肺癌医治的研讨在不断地深化,但肺癌患者的逝世率仍然居所有恶性肿瘤之首,其间非小细胞肺癌的患者逝世率最高[2]。现在非小细胞肺癌的医治方法首要有手术、放疗和化疗,但医治作用欠安,患者承受医治后远期生计率仍处于较低的水平[3]。大都非小细胞肺癌患者在确诊时已处于晚期或发作搬运,且部分患者常伴有其他难治性疾病,失掉手术医治的时机,预后更差。

对前期非小细胞肺癌患者,惯例医治方法首要为手术切除联合放、化疗,而对晚期患者,现在医治方法首要为化疗。非小细胞肺癌的传统一线医治计划是细胞毒类药物联合含铂类药物,此计划中位生计期为8~12个月[4-5]。多西他赛作为二线用药,适用于以顺铂为主的化疗失利的晚期或搬运性非小细胞肺癌患者[6-8]。尽管大大都非小细胞肺癌患者内行放、化疗后病况有所改进,但因疾病发展敏捷,整体作用仍不抱负。近几年,跟着对程序性逝世因子-1(Programmed death-1,PD-1)的深化研讨,及PD-1/PD-L1按捺剂的面世,作用于免疫检查点的新式医治计划已逐步运用于临床,并取得了巨大的作用[9]。

1 PD-1/PD-L1概述

PD-1开始是在凋亡的T细胞杂交瘤中得到,故得其名。PD-1首要表达于多种免疫细胞,如T细胞外表和初级B细胞外表,在这些细胞的分解和凋亡中发挥作用。PD-1有两个配体,分别是PD-L1和PD-L2,归于B7宗族蛋白,首要表达于肿瘤细胞和树突状细胞。初始T细胞的活化需求两个不同的细胞外信号的一起影响,其间第二信号为共影响分子,B7宗族即为其间之一。PD-1与PD-L1相互作用可按捺机体的免疫反响[10]。有许多文献报导在非小细胞肺癌的肿瘤细胞中存在PD-L1的表达,因而,通过阻断PD-1/PD-L1的结合可恢复免疫细胞对肿瘤的有用免疫应对[11]。

2 PD-1/PD-L1按捺机体免疫反响的作用机制

免疫体系发挥抗癌作用是一个多进程的进程,很大一部分是通过CD8+细胞毒性T细胞进行调理,但多种要素作用于这个进程的各个环节则推进或按捺了免疫功用[12-13]。其间,PD-1/PD-L1在肿瘤微环境中归于按捺免疫反响的重要要素,因而,怎么按捺PD-1/PD-L1对肿瘤的医治具有直接和实际的含义[14-15]。现在已有许多文献研讨证明PD-1/PD-L1按捺剂在非小细胞肺癌中可发动免疫体系的免疫应对然后起到对立肿瘤的作用。任何一种类型的肿瘤都可随同炎症反响或非炎症反响[16]。特定的肿瘤类型一般表现为特定的免疫反响,例如黑色素瘤、肺癌、肾癌和移行细胞癌一般随同炎症反响,而结直肠癌和胰腺癌则一般不随同炎症反响[17-20]。其间,随同炎症反响的免疫反响的一起特色包含密布的CD8+细胞毒性T细胞进入、广泛的趋化因子、PD-L1的表达、IFN-1和高表达的IFN-r基因[16,21]。现在有一种假定以为随同肿瘤的炎症反响中存在一种因果关系:CD8+细胞毒性T细胞辨认癌症相关抗原,诱导发生IFN-г,终究导致PD-L1在相邻的肿瘤滋润的免疫细胞上表达,在某些情况下,也可表达在肿瘤细胞上[22-23]。CD8+T细胞表达的PD-1可以按捺T细胞受体信号,所以PD-L1可通过其受体PD-1和B7.1作为一种负性反响调理器。因而,随同肿瘤的炎症反响是通过已有的CD8+细胞毒性T细胞与肿瘤细胞相互作用树立一种抗癌免疫机制,而肿瘤细胞内PD-L1的表达则按捺该机制的树立。

3现在临床用于医治非小细胞肺癌的PD-1/PD-L1按捺剂及面对的问题

现在由于靶向药物自身的毒性、运用靶向药物后的医治作用欠安及肿瘤对靶向药物的耐药性,大大都医治非小细胞肺癌的新式靶向药物较难运用于临床或临床试验取得抱负的作用[24-25]。此外,这些靶向药物在独自医治非小细胞肺癌时,其生计率对多西他赛无显着优势。因而非小细胞肺癌的医治药物更需求赶快研制。现在一些PD-1与PD-L1的单克隆抗体靶向药物现已运用于临床,而另一部分药物仍处于临床试验阶段。

3.1 Nivolumab

Nivolumab是一种美国食品药品监督管理局(FDA)同意的用于医治非小细胞肺癌的人体免疫球蛋白(IgG4)抗PD-1的单克隆靶向药物,首要用于单一化疗或联合其他化疗药物医治[26]。现在,发展期非小细胞肺癌在运用含铂类的规范一线化疗计划失利后,可运用Nivolumab作为二线医治药物。Brahmer等[27]随机选取了272例通过铂类一线化疗失利的非小细胞肺癌患者,将其分为两组,一组运用Nivolumab(3 mg/kg,每2周运用),另一组运用多西他赛(75 mg/m2,每3周运用),成果显现相较于多西他赛,运用Nivolumab有更长的中位生计期(9.2个月 vs. 6个月,HR=0.59,P<0.001)和更高的客观缓解率(20% vs. 9%)。而就安全性来说,Nivolumab比多西他赛则有更低的3级或4级化疗相关不良事情(7% vs. 55%)。Borghaei等[28]在一个Ⅲ期临床试验选取582例发展期非小细胞肺癌患者也显现了类似的成果,相较于多西他赛,Nivolumab有更长的总生计期(12.2个月vs. 9.4个月,HR=0.73,P=0.002)。而关于通过多种计划医治后的发展期非小细胞肺癌患者,有研讨显现独自运用Nivolumab的缓解率为14.5%[29]。而且,这些研讨成果还有实际含义,由于即便肿瘤患者中PD-L1不表达,这些患者运用该药物后仍可有缓解。

Nivolumab在医治非小细胞肺癌的作用得到充分肯定,但尚存在许多问题需进一步的研讨及探究,如用于一线医治,与传统化疗计划比较能否胜出;Nivolumab能否与其他医治手法及医治药物联合运用;其计划怎么拟定;PD-L1的表达是否可以猜测作用;是否可以联合两种免疫查验点按捺剂等。

3.2 Pembrolizumab

Pembrolizumab是另一種用于医治非小细胞肺癌的人体免疫球蛋白(IgG4)抗PD-1的单克隆靶向药物。Edward等[30]点评了一批非小细胞肺癌患者(其间一部分人曾经承受过医治,一部分人没有承受过医治),让其承受不同剂量抗PD-1按捺剂Pembrolizumab的医治。在10 mg/kg(2周或3周)或2 mg/kg(每3周)的剂量下,Pembrolizumab的副作用可疏忽并能发生耐久的作用。发现,在给予10 mg/kg 2周与10 mg/kg 3周的剂量的患者中,在作用或副作用方面没有显着差异。在具有类似作用的剂量中,一般主张运用最低剂量。在未经医治的和医治过的患者中,有超越50%的患者取得更好的作用和更长的总生计期,这标明PD-L1通路可以作为一个医治靶点[21,31-32]。别的,PD-L1表达也可辨认Pembrolizumab来发挥作用,肿瘤细胞中存在的CD8+T细胞和细胞因子可作为PD-L1的弥补来辨认Pembrolizumab[33-34]。

总归,Garon等[30]已证明了在之前承受过医治和未承受医治的非小细胞肺癌患者运用Pembrolizumab的有用性和安全性,且PD-L1表达的前瞻性试验是可行的,而且回忆性地剖析了患者临床获益于Pembrolizumab的医治。现在正进行随机临床试验,该药物也正在点评,并与其他试剂相结合,以期更快的运用于非小细胞肺癌的医治中。

3.3 Atezolizumab

Atezolizumab是一种程序性逝世配体(PD-L1或CD274抗原)的单克隆抗体靶向药物,是由Genentech开发的用于各种血液体系恶性肿瘤和实体瘤的医治。它在美国已被同意作为移行细胞癌的二线医治,作为非小细胞肺癌的二线医治正在进行临床试验[35]。在之前医治非小细胞肺癌随机Ⅱ期试验中,相较于多西他赛每3周75 mg/m2,Atezolizumab 1200 mg 3周可显着进步生计率。在随访了13个月的患者中,相关于多西他赛组9.7个月的医治生计期(n=143;P=0.04), Atezolizumab组的医治生计期为12.6个月(n=144),一起,无发展生计期是2.7和3个月,每组中有15%的患者达到了可观的作用[36]。肿瘤细胞或免疫细胞中PD-L1的高水平表达显着改进了总生计期。承受Atezolizumab和多西他赛医治的肿瘤细胞(≥50%的PD-L1表达细胞)患者或免疫细胞(≥10%的PD-L1表达细胞)患者,中位总生计期为15.5个月和11.1个月,阐明与多西他赛比较,承受Atezolizumab的患者有更长的总生计期。 一个正在进行的Ib期研讨发现选用Atezolizumab 每3周15 mg/kg联合规范化疗(卡铂+紫杉醇、培美曲塞或清蛋白结合型紫杉醇4~6周期)医治晚期或搬运性非小细胞肺癌患者的客观缓解率为67%,标明Atezolizumab单用或联合规范化疗均有较高的客观缓解率及较长的总生计期。

3.4现在面对的问题

因肿瘤免疫药物运用后有些代表性的反响特征,如推迟反响,部分患者医治反响或疾病安稳呈现时刻晚,乃至呈现在依照传统点评医治发展后;耐久的临床获益:医治停止后仍可持续取得作用并长时刻生计,这些都可能引起现在临床试验中PD-1/PD-L1按捺剂的有用性有所下降,因而需求进行更长时刻的随访,点评或寻觅相关的免疫特异性研讨终点来点评作用。

4展望

免疫按捺劑的运用是近年来呈现的最激动人心、最有期望霸占晚期肿瘤的医治计划。PD-1/PD-L1的发现现已有20多年,许多研讨证明了PD-1/PD-L1按捺剂在医治大范围的实体瘤和血液体系的恶性肿瘤有着重要的临床含义,在医治癌症方面供给了一个新的手法。PD-1/PD-L1按捺剂现已敏捷确立了作为非小细胞肺癌二线医治的规范医治的位置。此外,最近的肿瘤免疫学的基础研讨证明了PD-1/PD-L1按捺剂在肿瘤的免疫监视、免疫修改、免疫逃逸中发挥着重要作用[37]。但是,PD-1/PD-L1按捺剂仍处于起步阶段,现在正在进行许多的临床试验,探究可以优化预后、猜测作用、战胜耐药性的计划。这些研讨的成果将有助于辅导临床医生怎么更好地将PD-1/PD-L1按捺剂运用到非小细胞肺癌的医治中,使患者取得最优的医治作用。

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